目前使用的“博物館定義”，在過去的幾十年里只進行過微小的調(diào)整，已經(jīng)不能充分的反映和表達博物館在21世紀面對的復雜狀況，以及博物館在當前的責任和承諾，或者它們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和未來的愿景。——國際博協(xié)

　　國際博協(xié)（ICOM）日前在官網(wǎng)發(fā)布最新通告：經(jīng)過仔細權衡，國際博物館協(xié)會決定重新考慮和修訂現(xiàn)有的博物館定義。

　　眾所周知，ICOM為遍布世界各地的博物館提供了共同的行動框架、進行專業(yè)討論的論壇、以及一個可以探索和盡情展現(xiàn)博物館及文化機構轄內(nèi)遺產(chǎn)和館藏文物的平臺。

　　對博物館的共同定義是國際博物館協(xié)會作為一個全球性組織的支柱。然而，博物館與社區(qū)之間交匯的邊界卻在不斷地變化。

　　根據(jù)“博物館定義、前景和潛力”常務委員會的建議，并經(jīng)過仔細權衡，國際博物館協(xié)會執(zhí)行委員會決定，重新考慮和修訂現(xiàn)有的博物館定義。

　　目前使用的博物館定義，在過去的幾十年里只進行過微小的調(diào)整，已經(jīng)不能充分的反映和表達博物館在21世紀面對的復雜狀況，以及博物館在當前的責任和承諾，或者它們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)和未來的愿景。

　　在接下來的幾個月里，“博物館定義、前景和潛力”常務委員會將邀請國際博物館協(xié)會的會員們，各委員會，合作伙伴和其他感興趣的利益相關者，共同參與制定博物館定義的替代版本。

　　新版本的博物館定義，將于2019年9月1日至7日在京都舉行的第25屆國際博物館協(xié)會大會上發(fā)布。

　　（上文為博物館頭條于發(fā)稿前一小時內(nèi)初步編譯，讀者請看原版）

　　原版英文稿如下：

　　The museum definition,

　　the backbone of ICOM

　　Across the world ICOM provides a common framework for museums, a forum for professional discussions, and a platform for questioning and celebrating heritage and collections in museums and cultural institutions.

　　A shared definition of the museum serves as the backbone for ICOM as a global organisation.

　　However, the points of intersection between museums and communities are continuously shifting. Following the recommendation of the standing committee on Museum Definition, Prospects and Potentials and having carefully weighed the pros and cons, the ICOM Executive Board has decided, that it is time to rethink and revise the existing museum definition.

　　The current definition, which has only seen minor adjustments over the past few decades, does not reflect and express adequately the complexities of the 21st century and the current responsibilities and commitments of museums, nor their challenges and visions for the future.

　　In the coming months, the Museum Definition, Prospects and Potentials committee will invite ICOM members, committees, partners and other interested stakeholders to participate in the development of potential alternatives for the museum definition in time for the 25th ICOM General Conference, which will take place in Kyoto, 1-7 September 2019.

　　Museum Definition

　　Since ICOM’s creation in 1946, the ICOM definition played a central role for museums and museum professionals and became a reference in the international museum community.

　　According to the ICOM Statutes, adopted by the 22nd General Assembly in Vienna, Austria, on 24 August, 2007:

　　“A museum is a non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment.”

　　In the aftermath of the 2016 ICOM General Conference in Milan, a new Standing Committee has been appointed to study the current definition. The Committee on Museum Definition, Prospects and Potentials (MDPP, 2017-2019) explores the shared but also the profoundly dissimilar conditions, values and practices of museums in diverse and rapidly changing societies. Combining broad dialogue across the membership with dedicated expert fora, the committee is addressing the ambiguous and often contradictory trends in society, and the subsequent new conditions, obligations and possibilities for museums.

　　Approaching the ICOM Kyoto General Conference in 2019 (1-7 September 2019), on the background of information gathered, new trends observed and documented, and discussions conducted through its various working groups, the committee will advise the Executive Board and the Advisory Council on museological and epistemological problem areas in the existing museum definition. It will make recommendations regarding the potential gains as well as the complication in revising the definition, as a shared, international framework, to reflect and include more current conditions, potentials and priorities for museums.

　　To consult the MDPP Report and recommendations approved by ICOM’s Executive Board meeting in December 2018, click on the button below.

　　資料：國際博協(xié)（ICOM）關于“博物館”的定義（1946-2007）

　　1946年

　　“博物館”這個詞包括藏品對公眾開放的所有藝術的、技術的、科學的、歷史的或考古的（機構），包括動物園和植物園，但是圖書館除外，僅包括保持永久展廳的圖書館。

　　The word“museums”includes all collections open to the public，of artistic，technical，scientific，historical or archaeological material，including zoos and botanical gardens，but excluding libraries，except in so far as they maintain permanent exhibition rooms.

　　1956年

　　“博物館”這個詞在此是特指任何永久性（固定性）機構，普遍意義地講，以各種形式的保存、研究、提高為目的，特別是以接待和展示向公眾展出具有文化價值的藝術的、歷史的、科學和技術的藏品和標本的機構、植物園、動物園和水族館。隸屬公共圖書館和公共檔案館的常設性展館可被認為是博物館。

　　The word of museum here denotes any permanent establishment，administered in the general interest，for the purpose of preserving，studying，enhancing by various means and，in particular，of exhibiting to the public for its delectation and instruction groups of objects and specimens of cultural value：artistic，historical，scientific and technological collections，botanical and zoological gardens and aquariums.Public libraries and public archival institutions maintaining permanent exhibition rooms shall be considered to be museums.

　　1961年

　　國際博物館協(xié)會將承認以研究、教育、欣賞為目的而保護和展出具有文化和科學重要性的藏品的任何永久性（固定性）機構為博物館。

　　定義中包括：a.公共圖書館和檔案館的常設性展出館；b.正式向公眾開放的歷史古跡和部分歷史古跡或它們的從屬物，例如教堂珍寶、歷史遺址、考古遺址和自然遺址；c.植物園、動物園、水族館、生態(tài)園和展出動物、植物活標本的其他機構；d.自然保護區(qū)。

　　ICOM shall recognise as a museum any permanent institution which conserves and displays，for purposes of a study，education and enjoyment，collections of objects of cultural or scientific significance.

　　Within this definition fall:

　　a. exhibition galleries permanently maintained by public libraries and collections of archives,

　　b. historical monuments and parts of historical monuments or their dependencies, such as cathedral treasuries, historical, archaeological and natural sites, which are officially open to the public,

　　c. botanical and zoological gardens, aquaria, vivaria, and other institutions which display living specimens,

　　d. natural reserves.

　　1974年

　　博物館是一個以研究、教育、欣賞為目的而征集、保護、研究、傳播和展出人及人的環(huán)境的物證的、為社會及其發(fā)展服務的、向大眾開放的、非營利的永久性（固定性）機構。

　　除被指定為“博物館”外，國際博協(xié)承認下列符合博物館定義機構：a.圖書館和檔案中心的常設性保護研究機構和展出館；b.從事征集、保護和傳播活動的，具有博物館性質(zhì)的自然、考古及人類學的歷史古跡和遺址；c.展出動物、植物活標本的機構，如植物園、動物園、水族館和生態(tài)園等；d.自然保護區(qū)；e.科學中心及天文館。

　　A museum is a non-profit making， permanent institution in the service of the society and its development，and open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates，and exhibits， for purposes of study，education and enjoyment， material evidence of man and his environment.

　　In addition to museums designated as such, ICOM recognizes that the following comply with the above definition:

　　a. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres.

　　b. natural, archaeological, and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature, for their acquisition, conservation and communication activities.

　　c. institutions displaying live specimens, such as botanical and zoological gardens, aquaria, vivaria, etc.

　　d. nature reserves.

　　e. science centres and planetariums.

　　1989年

　　博物館是一個以研究、教育、欣賞為目的而征集、保護、研究、傳播和展出人類及人類環(huán)境的物證的、為社會及其發(fā)展服務的、向大眾開放的、非營利的永久性（固定性）機構。

　　（1）博物館上述定義不受任何政體性質(zhì)、地域特征、職能機構或相關機構收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以適用。

　　（2）除被指定為“博物館”的機構外，以下機構具有博物館資格：i.從事征集、保護和傳播人類及人類環(huán)境物證的，具有博物館性質(zhì)的自然、考古及人類學的歷史古跡和遺址；ii.擁有并展出動物、植物活標本的機構，如植物園、動物園、水族館和生態(tài)園；iii.科學中心及天文館；iv.圖書館和檔案中心的常設性保護研究機構和展出館；v.自然保護區(qū)；vi.執(zhí)行委員會經(jīng)征求咨詢委員會意見后認為其具有博物館的部分或全部特征，支持博物館及博物館專業(yè)工作人員從事博物館學研究、教育或培訓的其他機構。

　　A museum is a non-profit making，permanent institution in the service of society and its development，and open to the public which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

　　The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body, the territorial character, the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

　　In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

　　i. natural, archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire, conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

　　ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens of plants and animals, such as botanical and zoological gardens, aquaria and vivaria;

　　iii. science centres and planetaria;

　　iv. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres;

　　v. nature reserves;

　　vi. such other institutions as the Executive Council, after seeking the advice of the Advisory Committee, considers as having some or all the characteristics of a museum, or as supporting museums and professional museum workers through museological research, education or training.

　　1995年

　　博物館是一個以研究、教育、欣賞為目的而征集、保護、研究、傳播和展出人類及人類環(huán)境的物證的、為社會及其發(fā)展服務的、向大眾開放的、非營利的永久性（固定性）機構。

　　（1）博物館上述定義不受任何政體性質(zhì)、地域特征、職能機構或相關機構收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以適用。

　　（2）除被指定為“博物館”的機構外，以下機構具有博物館資格：i.從事征集、保護和傳播人類及人類環(huán)境物證的，具有博物館性質(zhì)的自然、考古及人類學的歷史古跡和遺址；ii.擁有并展出動物、植物活標本的機構，如植物園、動物園、水族館和人工動植物生態(tài)園；iii.科學中心及天文館；iv.圖書館和檔案中心的常設性保護研究機構和展出館；v.自然保護區(qū)；vi.符合前述定義的國際、國家、區(qū)域性或地方性博物館組織、負責博物館管理的政府部門或公共機構；vii.從事與博物館和博物館學相關的研究、教育、培訓、記錄和其他事務的非營利機構或組織；viii.執(zhí)行委員會經(jīng)征求咨詢委員會意見后認為其具有博物館的部分或全部特征，支持博物館及博物館專業(yè)工作人員從事博物館學研究、教育或培訓的其他機構。

　　A museum is a non-profit making permanent institution in the service of society and of its development，and open to the public which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

　　The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body, the territorial character, the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

　　In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

　　i. natural, archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire, conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

　　ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens and plants and animals, such as botanical and zoological gardens, aquaria and vivaria;

　　iii. science centres and planetaria;

　　iv. conservation institutes and exhibition galleries permanently maintained by libraries and archive centres;

　　v. nature reserves;

　　vi. international or national or regional or local museum organisations, ministries or departments or public agencies responsible for museums as per the definition given under this article;

　　vii. non-profit institutions or organisations undertaking research, education, training, documentation and other activities relating to museums and museology;

　　viii. such other institutions as the Executive Council, after seeking the advice of the Advisory Commitee, considers as having some or all of the characteristics of a museum, or as supporting museums and professional museum workers through museological research, educaton or training.

　　2001年

　　博物館是一個以研究、教育、欣賞為目的而征集、保護、研究、傳播和展出人類及人類環(huán)境的物證的、為社會及其發(fā)展服務的、向大眾開放的、非營利的永久性（固定性）機構。

　　（1）博物館上述定義不受任何政體性質(zhì)、地域特征、職能機構或相關機構收藏藏品的定位等因素的限制而予以適用。

　　（2）除被指定為“博物館”的機構外，以下機構具有博物館資格：i.從事征集、保護和傳播人類及人類環(huán)境物證的，具有博物館性質(zhì)的自然、考古及人類學的歷史古跡和遺址；ii.擁有并展出動物、植物活標本的機構，如植物園、動物園、水族館和人工生態(tài)園；iii.科學中心和天文館；iv.非營利的藝術展出館；v.自然保護區(qū)；vi.符合前述定義的國際、國家、區(qū)域或地方性博物館組織、負責博物館管理的政府部門或公共機構；vii.從事與博物館和博物館學相關的文物保護、研究、教育、培訓、記錄和其他事務的非營利機構或組織；viii.從事保護、傳承和管理有形和無形遺產(chǎn)（活的遺產(chǎn)和數(shù)字創(chuàng)造性活動）的文化中心和其他實體；ix.執(zhí)行委員會經(jīng)征求咨詢委員會意見后認為其具有博物館的部分或全部特征，支持博物館及博物館專業(yè)職員從事博物館學研究、教育或培訓的其他機構。

　　A museum is a non-profit making，permanent institution in the service of society and of its development，and open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches,communicates and exhibits，for purposes of study，education and enjoyment，material evidence of people and their environment.

　　a. The above definition of a museum shall be applied without any limitation arising from the nature of the governing body, the territorial character, the functional structure or the orientation of the collections of the institution concerned.

　　b. In addition to institutions designated as "museums" the following qualify as museums for the purposes of this definition:

　　i. natural, archaeological and ethnographic monuments and sites and historical monuments and sites of a museum nature that acquire, conserve and communicate material evidence of people and their environment;

　　ii. institutions holding collections of and displaying live specimens of plants and animals, such as botanical and zoological gardens, aquaria and vivaria;

　　iii. science centres and planetaria;

　　iv. non-profit art exhibition galleries;

　　v. nature reserves;

　　vi. international or national or regional or local museum organisations, ministries or departments or public agencies responsible for museums as per the definition given under this article;

　　vii. non-profit institutions or organisations undertaking conservation, research, education, training, documentation and other activities relating to museums and museology;

　　viii. cultural centres and other entities that facilitate the preservation, continuation and management of tangible or intangible heritage resources (living heritage and digital creative activity);

　　ix. such other institutions as the Executive Council, after seeking the advice of the Advisory Committee, considers as having some or all of the characteristics of a museum, or as supporting museums and professional museum personnel through museological research, education or training.

　　2007年

　　博物館是一個為社會及其發(fā)展服務的、向公眾開放的非營利性常設機構，為教育、研究、欣賞的目的征集、保護、研究、傳播并展出人類及人類環(huán)境的物質(zhì)及非物質(zhì)遺產(chǎn)。

　　A museum is a non-profit，permanent institution in the service of society and its development，open to the public，which acquires，conserves，researches，communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education，study and enjoyment.